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- THE HUMAN EYE IN SPACE by Lambert Parker (edited) ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SIG
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-
- Human visual hardware is a result of a billion years of evolution within
- the earths atmosphere where light is scattered by molecules of air,
- moisture, particular matter etc. However as we ascend into our atmosphere
- with decrease density, light distribution is changed resulting in our visual
- hardware receiving visual data in different format.
-
- Some Aspects to Consider:
-
- 1. Visual acuity is the degree to which the details and contours of objects
- are perceived. Visual acuity is usually defined in terms of minimum
-
- separable.Large variety of factors influence this complex phenomenon
- which includes :
-
- # Optical factors- state of the image forming mechanisms of the eye.
- # Retinal factors such as the state of the cones.
- # Stimulus factors such as illumination, brightness of the stimulus,
- contrast between the stimulus and background, length of time exposed
- to the stimulus.
-
- * Minimum separable: shortest distance by which two lines can be separated
- and still be perceived as two lines.
-
- "During the day, the earth has a predominantly bluish cast.....
- I could detect individual houses and streets in the low humidity and
- cloudless areas such as the Himalaya mountain area....
- I saw a steam locomotive by seeing the smoke first.....
- I also saw the wake of a boat on a large river in the Burma-India area...
- and a bright orange light from the British oil refinery to the south of the
- city (Perth,Australia.)"
-
- The above observation was made by Gordon Cooper in Faith 7 [1963] and which
- generated much skepticism in the light of the thesis by Muckler and Narvan
- "Visual Surveillance and Reconnaissance from space vehicles" in which they
- determined that a visual angle of ten minutes was the operational minimum,
- and that the minimum resolvable object length [M.R.O.L] at an altitude of
- 113 miles would be 1730 ft. This limitation of acuity was revised the next
- year to 0.5 seconds of arc for an extended contrasting line and 15 seconds
- of arc for minimum separation of two points sharply contrasting with
- the background.
-
- Orbiting at 237 miles in the skylab it was possible to see the entire east
- coast [Canada to Florida Keys] and resolve details of a 500 feet long
- bridge based on inference. Of Interest is the fact that even though the
- mechanical eye [camera systems] can resolve objects greater than fifty
- times better than the human eye, without the human ability to infer,
- interpretation of the data is meaningless.
-
- Conclusion: Visual acuity in space exceeds that of earth norm when objects
- with linear extension such as roads, airfields, wake of ships etc.
-
-
- 2. Stereoscopic vision: the perception of two images as one by means of
- fusing the impressions on both retinas.
-
- In space one has to deal with a poverty of reference points. For hardware
- evolved in a reference oriented paradigm, this possess a grave problem. Once
- out of the space craft and gazing outward, the eye can only fix on the stars
- [without even a twinkle] which for all practical purpose is at infinity
- ie. without stereoscopic vision "Empty field myopia" prevails.
-
- Empty Field Myopia is a condition in which the eyes, having nothing in
- the visual field upon which to focus, focus automatically at about 9 feet .
-
- An astronaut/cosmonaut experiencing empty field myopia focusing at 9 ft
- would be unable see objects at a range close as 100 ft. If another
- spacecraft, satellite, meteorite or L.E.M entered his field of vision,
- he would not be able to determine the size nor the distance.
-
- Solution:
-
- Man does not face any hostile environment in his birthday suit, the clothing
- industry and need for walk in closet say it all. In space we will wear our
- exoskeleton just as we wear winter jackets in winter and we will wear our
- helmets with visors to maintain our internal environment, filter out all
- those nasty rads etc. Since Empty Field Myopia is secondary to loss of
- reference points why not just build them into the visor itself giving the
- eye points of reference-- create a virtual reality ??? This line of
- speculation leads to amazing concepts......
-
- To learn more about the concept of virtual universe in the helmet read:
-
- Journal: Air & Space, [smithsonian publication]
- article: Big Picture by Steven L.Thompson. illustrated by Dale Glasgow.
- About creation of virtual universe with new computer and software tech
- in the helmets of F-16 fighter pilots-- this is not a theoretical
- possibility but a reality. A MUST READ.
-
-
-
- Note: One aspect of adaptation to microgravity [space sickness] is an
- increased dependence on visual as opposed to vestibular mechanisms in the
- stabilization of retinal image during head movements only underscores the
- importance in being aware of our visual ability.
-
- 3. PERCEPTION OF COLORS.
-
- Studies done by the Russian cosmonauts on effects on perception of colors in
- space suggests a reduction in the perception of brightness of all colors.
- The greatest degradation seem to affect purple, azure, & green.
-
-
- 4. LIGHT FLASHES.
-
- Not the so-called fireflies noted in orbital flights by astronauts [shown
- graphically in the movie right stuff] but lights as faint spots / flashes
- seen after dark adaptation in the cabin of the Apollo missions. Generally
- described as white/colorless and classified as three types.
-
- # Described as "spots" / "starlike" 66 % of the time. Appearing in both
- eyes simultaneously or one eye at a time.
-
- # Described as "streaks" 25 % of the time.
-
- # Described as "lightning discharge seen behind clouds" 9 % of the times.
-
- It was of interest that the very same astronauts who reported them in the
- Apollo flights failed to see them in previous Gemini flights. After the
- Apollo flights this phenomena was noted by the crew of all three Skylab
- missions especially when they crossed the South Atlantic Anomaly.
-
- W.Zachary Osborne, Ph.D., Lawrence Pinsky, Ph.D., at University of Houston &
- J.Vernon Bailey at Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center conducted an investigation
- on this phenomena and concluded that they were due to heavy cosmic radiation
- penetrating thru the craft and impinging on the retina to cause this
- phenomena of flashes. The fact that this was noted only after the eyes were
- darkadapted points to retinal interaction than optic nerve per se.
-